Wednesday 2 November 2016

Islamophobia notes - Coursework

-“Does ‘Islamophobia’ Exist?: ‘a 19 year old woman wearing the hijab was beaten around the head with a metal baseball bat by two white men in Swindon’
-‘Post 9/11, FAIR reports that the number of incidents increased by a staggering 600 percent.’
-Racially motivated violence and harassment in the United Kingdom is a very serious
problem and available figures show it is getting worse, not better.… the
United Kingdom has one of the highest levels of such incidents anywhere in
Western Europe. Between 1989 and 1996 the number [of racist attacks reported
to the police] rose by more than 275 percent.… these already high figures, however,
represent only a fraction of the actual level because many victims do not
report crimes against them to the police. (Human Rights Watch, 1997)
-This periodization is necessarily somewhat arbitrary. Why not, for example, the
Iranian Revolution in 1978–9? The main point is that the anti-Muslim racism
currently experienced and practised in both countries predates ‘11 September’ by
several decades.
-Event Date
• Terrorist attacks in USA September 11, 2001
• US–led war in Afghanistan October, 2001
• Catch the Fire Ministries Case May, 2002
• Bali Bombing October, 2002
• Iraq War March, 2003
• Marriott Hotel Bombing August, 2003
• Outcome of Catch the Fire December, 2004
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-The Runnymede Trust in its 1997 report into Islamophobia stated that Islam was
inherently seen as being the 'other' to the West, a situation that reinforces the
'them' and 'us' dualism. In this respect then we should not be too surprised to see
such headlines as the Daily Mail's offering, "Fanatics with a death wish: I was
born in Britain but I am a Muslim first". Here the Mail is merely reiterating those
beliefs that are lodged at the heart of Islamophobia.
-Another in the Financial Times about the role of
President Musharraf of Pakistan was situated on a page that had 40% of it
devoted to a photo of an Afghan woman brandishing a rifle and a Qur'an.
-Words such as ‘fundamentalist’, ‘extremist’ and ‘radical’ are regularly used in
Apocalyptic headlines across all sectors of the British press. They create the impression
of a mounting universal conspiracy directed against British society by an organised
and coherent army of bloodthirsty agents. It is evidence of a tendency to view all
Islamic movements as originating from the same root and as being equally hostile to
Britain.
1 After the event of 9/11, the fear of islam on US soil became so prevalent, the term Islamophobia was established.
1 Instead of creating stereotypes when it comes to the Muslim community, there should be conversation, and a better understanding of what Islam is.
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1 Islamophobia is on the rise and reaching its peaks within this last year (said in 2010)
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... The religion of islam has turned into a source of fear for many people in the US.
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... The American media has been doing a heck of a job fuelling phobias. "prove to me that you are not working with our enemies?" - talk show host
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... The recurring images received by the nation of a new car bomber, or an underwear bomber, or a shoe bomber gives the impression that Muslims are crazy
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... Over half of American Muslims reportedly believe that the US government's anti-terrorism policies have been singling them out.
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... 25 year old Mohammad says he is stereotyped every singe day of his life. (Interview)
"you go to work ask for a job, so they check your name and your name is Mohammad and they kind of just skip you, they'll hire the next person instead of you. Sometimes when I travel I get double-checked because of my name."
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... Protests have gone on in New York, where the Muslim community wants two of their religious holidays to be days off in school - Eid al fitr, and Eid al adha
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... If Christmas holiday can get a 10 day break, why cant we get two days?
Batina abdul-mumia, teacher
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... "The people have the ability and power to give these holidays if they wish to, because the muslim children are as much of a part of this community as everyone else"
-Bahr Mustafa, Muslim holiday coalition
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... Projects to build a number of mosques around the US have also unveiled whatever remnants of intolerance were remaining on the closets- (the one where ground zero was)
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... there are 175 mosques in NYC
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... there are 6000 churches in NYC
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... there are about 1000 synagogues in NYC
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... The 8.4 million inhabitants on NYC communicate in some 800 different languages across the five boroughs
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... New York is also a religious city: 83% of New Yorkers are affiliated to some organized religion, one of the highest in the entire United States.
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... Christians comprise about 70% of the population; 40% of whom are Catholic and 30% Protestant. They attend approximately 2000 churches and 4000 informal places of worship such as community halls and homes
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... 12% of New Yorker claim Jewish decent. There are more Jews in New York City than there are in the Jerusalem city limits
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... There are almost a million Muslims in New York City. (12% of NYC population) Some sources claim 1.4 million; the New York City Community Affairs Bureau states the figure as 800 000
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... The area of devastation that the 9/11 terrorist attack left on the World Trade Center is referred to as Ground Zero, a military phrase for a point directly above or below the detonation of a nuclear bomb or, in short, "at the centre of calamity."
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... when soldiers in Iraq were asked why they were fighting, 80% said it was for payback for 9/11 even though Iraq had nothing to do with 9/11
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... The 9/11 attack was put together but Muslim extremists that were called Al-Quaeda, founded by Osama Bin laden
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... when the chairman of the Cordoba Initiative, Imam Faisal Abdul Rauf, proposed the building of a Muslim religious centre near Ground Zero it created an outcry. Particularly when President Barack Obama voiced support for the mosque.
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... Supporters of the proposed centre were quick to point out that it would not be built on Ground Zero but two blocks away, at 45-51 Park Place, general known as Park 51.
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... there are many Christian churches much closer to Ground Zero (as can be seen on the map), including the closest religious building, the St Paul's Chapel just across the road.
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... the proposed construction is not a mosque (although it will include one) but a community centre.
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... A planned Islamic centre and mosques steps away from ground zero is one of the biggest fuels of resistance right now.
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... Hundreds of hate crimes have been committed since 9/11.
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... Many Americans don't understand what Islam is, people don't differentiate between radical Islam and peaceful Islam
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... the Muslim community also lost several dozen people in the attacks of September 11
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... Since 911 we have seen countless peace protests from the muslim community trying to show that they do do have any source of bad intentions, and have nothing to do with that radicalism.
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... The lack of understanding is reflected in the everyday lives of the muslim community-
Jobs, airports, hatecrimes are not talked about
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... A Young man was arrested and question for several hours just because he had a set of Arabic flash cards with him, he was a student studying the language
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... Rather than a place for religious worship, they islamophobes see mosques as beachheads for an invading army, and American Muslims as potential sleeper agents, willing to use any deception to transform America into an Islamic state.
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... Hatecrimes- Muslim community being attacked after 911
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... mainstream conservatives in our country cavort with members of the Islamophobia network in the United States such as Pamela Geller, Robert Spencer, Frank Gaffney and others.
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... Basseley Nakoula produced and promoted a video designed to spark violent reaction against the muslim community. Such ugly propaganda and its creators should be strongly condemned alongside those who manipulated the situation for their own political ends in the Middle East.
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... supporters of Islamophobia create a breeding ground for hate by denigrating one of the world's great religions and insult the sacrifice of our military and diplomatic corps by violating America's core value of religious tolerance.
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... Islamophobia is an unfounded fear of the Islamic faith and, while it has existed for thousands of years, has recently become a major problem in our society.
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... Throughout the majority of the developed countries, we are all entitled to privately practice our own religions or faiths. For most, the age of religious intolerance has come to an end, but some faiths are still experiencing prejudice around the world.
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... A misconception about Islam is that Islam is that it is unchanging and refuses to adapt to new realities or changing times.
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... A misconception about Islam is that Islam is that Islam shares no common values with any of the other major religions.
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... A misconception about Islam is that Islam is that Islam is no longer relevant and their ideals are irrational.
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... A misconception about Islam is that Islam is that Islam is tied to terrorism.
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... A misconception about Islam is that Islam is that islam promotes violence.
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... The leading cause for Islamophobia is usually misinformation or total lack of information based on the religion.
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... Islamophobic people are not likely to be willing to educate themselves about their fears or spend time around any Islamic people.
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... The islamic dress code promotes modesty and seeks to minimize vice and immorality in society. One of the ways it does so is by requiring modest dress.
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... Islamic law is derived only from the Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammadp. Like the Qur'an, the Sunnah is inspired by revelation from God. Islamic law covers all aspects of life. It deals with how to worship God and how to deal with others.
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Non-Muslims make up the majority of terrorists in the United States: According to the FBI, 94% of terrorist attacks carried out in the United States from 1980 to 2005 have been by non-Muslims. This means that an American terrorist suspect is over nine times more likely to be a non-Muslim than a Muslim.

Tuesday 25 October 2016

The decline in newspapers: MM case studies

The New Day
'The New Day' was served as a catalyst to circulate the newspaper industry again by increasing sales as a result, having been described 'the first new standalone daily UK national newspaper for 30 years'.

The article states that '...six million people buy a newspaper in Britain everyday', however obviously as a result of the industry's evolution, there has been a decline. A decline that resulted in a literal one million people turning away from newspapers and instead turning heads to the online world in the last two years, where news is more convenient and free.

The New Day also targeted both males and females from around the age range of 35-55. Their justification for this categorization was because they wanted a more 'modern' audience to perhaps collect these kind of people that have more of an interest and understanding, rather than per say, an 80 year old person.

The New Day however, had failed to reach their target of a 200,000 sales, where they had initially scored a top of 150,000 however that then also too fell to 90,000, and even more to the point that they had to shutdown. The obvious reason for this is the fact other platforms have simply taken over and made things more convenient, cheaper and sometimes free. People would chose to consume news free rather than paying as less as 25p, but as the article states their increase to 50p was 'too much', and this resulted in people not buying their newspapers.

The Guardian


  • 120 million monthly unique browsers - third most read in the world
  • June 2016 daily average of almost 9 million unique browsers - only a third are from the UK - MailOnline with 14 million - Telegraph with 4 million
  • Print circulation of The Guardian is only 161,000 - Daily Telegraph with 472,000 - recently closed The Independent with only 54,000
  • The Guardian lost around £70 million in 2015 
As a result of The Guardian's decline, they intended to combat this by introducing cutbacks up to 20% and planning community events, relying on the investments of The Scott Trust to keep it running as a result too.

The Global website strategy as a result, introducing The Guardian online, may help to some extents, however if they're looking to make revenue from ads, and ads alone, it might not suffice, acknowledging that the majority of users would have ad block enabled. Introducing paywalls on the other hand, might have a more significant impact. The fact that The Guardian have already gathered a loyal user base, means that to an extent they might be willing to subscribe, given that they know getting news from an established institution is much more definitive, reliable, and professional as opposed to any random news page in the Internet.


Friday 14 October 2016

  • ·         Your choice of text and topic is excellent. Clearly, we have a lot of work to do from the Ignite presentation as that didn’t offer enough insight or analysis – but you have plenty of time to put that right.
  • ·         Think carefully about your angle and hypothesis – and the best investigations keep it really simple. Do Hollywood movies increase Islamophobia? At the moment, your angle and hypothesis aren’t clear – what are you trying to prove and where do you stand on the debate currently? 
  • ·         Your research plan is going to be crucial – needs to balance online resources (many of which will already be in your summer project research) with powerful academic research. You’ll want to research Edward Said (postcolonial theorist) and may be able to use Gilroy as well. There is obviously the book called Islamophobia in DF07 currently. Looking at journalists and writers such as Christopher Hitchens, the Guardian etc. will also be essential.
  • ·         Linked production – film-based. Perhaps short film or opening. Narrative based with voiceover. Details to follow.
  •  ·         Next steps: finish project proposal and start building a comprehensive research plan.
  • ·         Post this to your blog with a brief plan for what you will work on in the next 10 days.
My next step is to explore different areas of Islamophobia/xenophobia in general and apply different external texts.

Tuesday 4 October 2016

How social media 

How social media is turning people’s private breakups into ‘celebrity’ spats 

Critical Investigation: Project proposal:

 Working title

The text I was focusing on was American Sniper (2014), directed by Clint Eastwood. The movie in particular aimed towards xenophobia, particularly Islam as they're an easier target, speaking objectively. Clint Eastwood showed explicit and controversial content in the film, but in some respects American Sniper was drama film/action, so they had no regard in what content they were showing, and were purely based on real-life events.

Angle

Critics have bashed Clint Eastwood for the controversy in the film, calling it a 'propaganda', and as a result this has stirred up audiences, particularly those who follow the Islam faith. Established the fact that American Sniper has controversial content, it might anger and offend some audiences, but the movie still gains attention even though it is negative.

Hypothesis

Films regarding political/prejudicial/stereotypical/discriminating issues are being glamorized and are developing an unhealthy obsession and causing controversy.  

Linked production piece

Documentary or short-narrative film, accompanied with voice overs.

SHEP

Social and political issues:

  •  totalitarian beliefs from Islam
  • Islamic terror maybe caused by poverty, oppression, as thought by the left wing
  • Islamists' reasons for hate on specifically America
Issues/Debates

Representation or stereotyping:
Muslims might feel frustrated at the fact that they're uncomfortable in their own true skin, when there are stereotypes of a Muslim to typically be a terrorist or be affiliated with any group of that matter i.e. ISIS.

Post 9/11 & the media:
Muslims being absolutely diminished, ridiculed, and insulted in the most derogatory manner after the 9/11 bombings, where the media presented the Muslim community to all be seen as a threat, especially in America.

Media effects:
Being victim to prejudice and discrimination, where to an extent that it may affect peoples' daily lives (those who are of the Islam faith). Example, being declined a job offer because of reason x.

News values:
News institutions that might twist a story just to make headlines, resulting in a bad image on the situation presented.

Regulation/censorship:
"Unfair censorship". A significant example from wars is the Vietnam Napalm Bombings, where a young girl completely stripped from the acid attack was completely banned and removed, yet a graphic image of Osama Bin Laden shot in the face was not. 



Theories

Gender & ethnicity:
South/Western Asia - Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq are all stereotyped to be Muslim extremists.

Colonialism and Post-colonialism:
Representations of gender in the Muslim community, as well as the social ladder between the Hazara people and Pashtun people.

Structuralism and post-structuralism:
The behaviour that we see from Islam extremists and why it emerged in the first place - was it from social oppression, poverty? Etc

Marxism and hegemony:
How their power emerged as a result of for example, events like 9/11. Where are their basis and intentions from harming America?

Semiotics:
Certain associations that we stereo typically make with Muslims, whether it is offensive or just plain ignorant. 


Media texts

American Sniper (2014)

Other media texts
9/11 New York bombing
Paris Attacks
ISIS - Jihadi John

TV documentaries

The Islamic State
http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/islamic-state/

9/11: Decade of Deception
http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/911-decade-deception/

What Is Wrong With Islam Today? (Debate)
http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/what-is-wrong-with-islam-today-debate/

Academic texts/books
Christopher Hitchens and His Critics: Terror, Iraq, and the Left
(Christopher Hitchens)

The End of Faith
(Sam Harris)

The God Delusion
(Richard Dawkins)








Friday 30 September 2016

PRESENTATION FEEEEEEEBACK

John - American Sniper+Islamophobia

  • Slightly nervous opening g- straight into text and some good knowledge shown here.
  • Presentation is a problem - no eye contact or interaction with audience at all (although not reading from notes)
  • Clearly very good research - knows text very well
  • Presentation is just images - this is a very effective for Ignite but as presentation continues there is less linking the image + the presentation.
  • Lack of rehearsal and planning 
  • Nothing on Islamophobia - no link to media issue or debate in this presentation... it's more just a description of the film.
  • Excellent first question raises issue of Islamophobia but lack of confidence answering it suggests this question hasn't really been considered as a part of research.
  • Warms up a little (clearly researched an interview with director) but not enough evidence that the bigger issues have been considered (despite very good questions).
  • Overall, real lack of clarity or thought - need to really link text to issue/debate for critical investigation.
Context - 2
Clarity - 1
Presentation - 1
4

WWW: I had clear and good knowledge of the text I was studying. (American Sniper)
EBI: I need to refine my answers on a subtle subject such as it is. As a result I'll also need to                         elaborate my points to justify objective statements.

My presentation contributes towards acknowledging the deeper meaning of Islamophobia, the factors associated with it, learning and looking at perspectives from a neutral lens. This will contribute towards my critical investigation because the topic raises lots and lots of strands of questions that I could look at, ultimately giving me more flexibility and a range of choices on the content I have chosen.


Thursday 1 September 2016

summer Project

MEST 4 Summer Project:

Media text:

American Sniper (2014)

Media debate/issue:

Xenophobia/terrorism

Media representations:

American Sniper, 

Media Representations

  • Who is being represented? In what way? By whom?
American Sniper, a film based off a real occurrence, is about a top sniper sent to protect his comrades in the battlefield, and is seen to be a hero at least from the eyes of an American. In the film the typical representations of Islamists/Militants/Radicals/Extremists are presented as the bad guys, often always seem to be holding some kind of weapon in the film, even though from a neutral standpoint, they're just retaliating to the attack, just like Americans are terrorists to Islam, and Islam are stereotypically terrorists to the common American.
  • Why is the subject being represented in this way? 
The American Sniper protagonist Chris Kyle, is a man not influenced by any hatred/prejudice/discrimination towards any ethnicity/people/race, and is instead given strict orders on what to do. This is perhaps trying to convey some sort of political agenda of the threat Iraq/Syria/Western Asia portrays, and the protagonist is simply a device used to demonstrate this, leaving the audience to decide on their opinions of the whole picture.
  • Is the representation fair and accurate?
While it is controversial to give a definitive answer on both sides of the groups represented, it is generally unfair to the Islamic audience, where their race and religion is constantly being repressed and shutdown by bias and ignorant comments. Even in one of the scenes of the movie, it showed a small kid no older than 5 years old, picking up an RPG and attempting to fire it at a convoy. And this just shows the extent to how perhaps how young Muslim kids are brainwashed to do what they're literally told to do.
  • What opportunities exist for self-representation by the subject?
Bradley Cooper, who plays Chris Kyle in the film, has received several nominations for best actor performance, as well as several nominations to Clint Eastwood, the director of American Sniper.

Media Languages and Forms
  • What are the denotative and connotative levels of meaning?
Acknowledging that the story and protagonist is based off a real event and person, it might have some significance towards US Army/Navy/Seals/America, acting sort of as a tribute, as the real Chris Kyle died not long ago in February 2nd, 2013. Chris Kyle was regarded as a top-tier sniper and veteran. 

Also as the title suggests, "American" Sniper, we see the picture through American lenses, supported by their cultural style and political language. Where the strongly native American believes all Muslims are a threat and are mostly portrayed as the bad guys. Even in reviews by respected institutions, it is said I’m not going to fault Kyle’s view of his enemies as representing a “savage, despicable evil,” but I do fault Eastwood for making what is, essentially, a propaganda film. Clint Eastwood cleverly tries to attract a mainstream cinema audience and get them to engage with the politics behind it. 




  • What is the significance of the text’s connotations?
  • Again as the movie title suggests, "American" Sniper, we have a perspective of warfare from an American, and specifically an American. We come across situations where Chris is hesitant to shoot possible threats, but has a psychological warfare in his own head whether to make the move or not. 
    • What are the non-verbal structures of meaning in the text (e.g. gesture, facial expression, positional communication, clothing, props etc)?
    Islam extremists in the American Sniper are all dressed in respect to their culture, and is typical for the movie to have them set it as it is. In a non-derogatory sense, the audience can identify a person in robes, balaclava and a weapon to be a Islamic terrorist in the film. While on the other hand, a white American with a sniper in Iraq could just be seen as a soldier to the world, but a terrorist to Islam. So at a basic and general view of things, it is easy to make a distinction between the good and bad guys, but apart from the surface of things, this first view is challenged and opens up politics.
    • What is the significance of mise-en-scene/sets/settings (CLAMPS)?
    As explained before, the clothing can be used to identify a binary opposition in the movie. In respect of the movie, all Muslim people are presented as an enemy in American Sniper. Example, a character in a robe, balaclava and AK-47.  Weapons wise, we see a very conventional choice where the Muslim characters have their weapon choice of an AK-47 and RPG. As a result, we see this very different combat approach the two groups have. It has altered the action scenes of the movie where one group attacks openly and aimlessly on a rampage, whereas the other is laid back, professional and trained in their specialty.
    • What work is being done by the sound track/commentary/language of the text?
    Specifically in this scene of American Sniper, the sound gain increases with the tension, as well as a critical point where time is running out:


    The scene demonstrates a propaganda by Clint Eastwood, as several other film reviews have said, where a kid is almost predisposed to pick up the nearest weapon and fire anything on site - they are that brainwashed. With this said, protagonist Chris Kyle has an order as a sniper to kill the kid, morally, he of course declines and expresses his frustration, "Son of a b*tch"; "F*ckin' drop it". Luckily the movie didn't break the ice and the movie continued without the death of a child. However later on, a child attempting to bomb soldiers was. 

    • What are the dominant images and iconography, and what is their relevance to the major themes of the text?
    Of course in almost every action movie, there is a new equilibrium after evil forces are defeated and one triumphs. This is the case in American Sniper, where in the ending of the movie an American parade is held after Chris Kyle's return, where American flags are held up, trying to establish power from one country to another. Similar to this too, there is sort of a metaphorical battle again between America and Iraq. We see battles between an Iraqi sniper and Chris Kyle, and Chris seems to top them all. Conventionally in movies too, we see Iraqi terrorists with an RPG, AK-47, whereas an American soldier with an M4, Barrett, etc.




  • What sound and visual techniques are used to convey meaning (e.g. camera positioning, editing; the ways that images and sounds are combined to convey meaning)?
  • Throughout the movie in Chris Kyle's perspective in the battlefield, we see through his scopes, adding an element of realism to the movie. Tracking back to the tense moment of the martyr child attempting to fire an RPG, sound gain and tempo began to significantly increase. This personally put me at the edge of my seat when watching the movie and was a great technique that Hollywood uses in their action movies. Violence, blood and gore wise was minimal, perhaps this conveys a message that it's not all about an action packed film, but rather a political and deeper, longer message that Clint Eastwood was trying to aim at.

    Narrative 
    • How is the narrative organised and structured?
    The narrative is based off a real life Navy SEAL, Chris Kyle, where the 'film' is almost a 'documentary'. We see the struggles and sacrifices Chris Kyle makes in the film, however said in an article, quote "The issue is that Eastwood and Hall have decided to tell Chris’s story linearly and in a straightforward, rather uninspired fashion. They employ little if no risk in the narrative structure and the film simply goes from point A to point B without any surprises." Despite this, perhaps Clint Eastwood wanted to make a clear and understanding narrative on purpose and make room for the bigger message to be seen easier. 
    • How is the audience positioned in relation to the narrative?
    The narrative is quite simple and linear. We first meet Chris as a kid, learn that his core values were instilled in him by his stern yet loving father, and then catch up with him when he’s 30-years-old. He initially dreams of being a cowboy and professional rodeo competitor, but after sustaining an arm injury, he decides to enlist in the United States Navy SEALs.

    It is a type of narrative that is realism and something the audience can relate to, where his upbringing, his friends and family were all normal. He wasn't bought up in a special or different kind of way to anyone, and this makes us appreciate Chris' achievements. 
    • What techniques of identification and alienation are employed?
    Identification of Chris Kyle being a normal guy and living up to be regarded a top sniper, shows us the character's perseverance and dedication. Alienation of his normal life with his family, makes the audience feel sympathy and could relate.



  • What is the role of such features as sound, music, iconography, genre, mise-en-scene, editing etc within the narrative?
  • As mentioned before, the sound adds a lot of tension in some situations, especially the child RPG scene. It tries to create a central problem and wake up the audience and gain their attention. It could also be trying to connote a deeper message than what is seen in the surface. Example, young Muslim children are being brainwashed by extremists/radicals. 
    Iconography is essential in trying to identify Chris Kyle for who he is as well, the sniper rifle. Music wise, songs were used most appropriately. A funeral song for a funeral, a tribute where in the credits pictures of the real Chris Kyle and peoples' appreciation towards his achievements. The song genre itself is a very emotional sounding sound and makes the audience feel sympathy.
    • What are the major themes of the narrative? What values/ideologies does it embody?
    The major theme of American Sniper would probably be sacrifice and manipulation. The real Chris Kyle sacrificed a lot, his family for his job to stand proud and by his comrades in the barracks. Perhaps the sacrifice is doing what you sometimes take pride in can be dangerous, meaning death. The radical Muslim ideology of a suicide bomber/martyr is also embodied in this scene of the film:


    A Muslim mother sends and loses her martyr child to bomb soldiers, she then proceeds to risking her own life to complete the bombing.

    Genre 


  • To which genre does the text belong?
  • The text belongs to biographical war drama film. A very realistic, realism movie that tells an inspirational, controversial and political story.
    • What are the major generic conventions within the text?
    Generally in respect to stereotypes, Muslims are portrayed as terrorists in a pro-American film. This as said before in the film's reviews, caused controversy and Clint Eastwood was frankly shammed for it. He tried to challenge and get people out of their comfort zones, trying to unease and offend Muslim viewers in particular from some of the content in the film. For this reason, Clint Eastwood has cleverly gained attention on American Sniper.
    • What are the major iconographic features of the text?
    Iconic in terms of Chris Kyle would be the sniper rifle as he's known for his commendations for acts of heroism and meritorious acts in combat. He was regarded as a top sniper in the barracks. The settings too; Iraq has evolved to be from once a normal city in Western Asia to an undoubtedly notorious area of endless wars. The place has turned from a civilized city to a reckless battlefield. Even cities in America such as Chicago has been named "Chiraq", a merge of Chicago and Iraq for it's gang crimes and gun activity.
    • What are the major generic themes?
    As said before, the major generic themes were sacrifice and justice, bringing peace to America from ending the war.
    • To what extent are the characters generically determined?
    Obviously as the film was a biography, based on a real person's event in their lifetime, the plot was pretty linear and straight forward, nothing "cinematic" like a plot from a fictional character. 
    • To what extent are the audience’s generic expectations of the text fulfilled or cheated by the text? Does the text conform to the characteristics of the genre, or does it treat them playfully or ironically?
    The film was targeted towards giving out a deeper meaning, a political message rather than film arts, and Clint Eastwood successfully did that. Creating a controversial and attention-worthy topic, as evident by people's reactions and critic's reviews.



  • Does the text feature a star, a director, a writer etc who is strongly associated with the genre? What meanings and associations do they have?
  • The star of the film that plays Chris Kyle, Bradley Cooper, is a well known actor in Hollywood. Significantly, the first search that comes up is in fact American Sniper when asked about Bradley Cooper's film associations. He's starred in extremely successful movies in the past such as The Hangover franchise, as well as art film aesthetic praised, Limitless. Note-worthily, Cooper has also several Oscars and nominations for Best Actor, appropriately picked for a drama film like American Sniper. 

    Media Institutions 
    • What is the institutional source of the text?
    American Sniper was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures a very major films studio which is a division of Time Warner. The company has distributed very, very successful movies in the past, and is one of the foundations of Hollywood without a doubt.
    • In what ways has the text been influenced or shaped by the institution which produced it?
    Warner Bros. Pictures is known for distrusting all types of movies, ranging from genre to genre. Perhaps they wanted to fill in a gap in the market and put out a more realistic and significant, meaningful movie from the usual action/fictional/children's movies.
    • Is the source a public service or commercial institution? What difference does this make to the text?
    The film could strongly be seen as a public service given the fact that the biography of Chris Kyle acted sort of as a tribute, special to those family or close friends that knew him or citizens of USA that appreciated and envied his accomplishments towards the better good.
    However, it could also be seen as a commercial institution given the fact that what the movie was about gained so much attention and could let more people in USA acknowledge a hero in the battlefield that served to protect their country.
    • Who owns and controls the institution concerned and does this matter?
    Warner Bros. Picture's isn't controlled by anyone or any company, but it is instead a subsidiary company to others such as, Warner Bros, DC Entertainment, New Line Cinema, Castle Rock Entertainment.
    • How has the text been distributed?
    In a very conventional way the film was distributed, using trailers to create hype. The trailer has 2 versions, to create hype obviously and gain as much attention and viewers. The first trailer as screens the mother and son martyr, as discussed previously. It's a very climatic and tense montage, flicking back and forth, ending with Kyle who just is about to pull the trigger and leaving a cliffhanger which is a common technique used to grab attention.

    Media Values and Ideology 
    • What are the major values, ideologies and assumptions underpinning the text or naturalised within it?
    The ideology of prejudice/discrimination that is involved with politics. The fact that Muslim are represented by the media such a derogatory way. E.g. the fact that the war missions in American Sniper are set in Iraq, a battleground full of radical Muslims extremists who are typically armed with AK-47's, RPG's, grenades, etc, all things that connote a common terrorist that we stereotypically know. Perhaps every race/ethnicity/culture is victim to prejudice and discrimination, but Muslims are just an easier target given the circumstances they've gone through, example New York 9/11 Bombings were a huge influence. 


  • What criteria have been used for selecting the content presented?
  • The fact that American Sniper was Eastwood's most highest-grossing film to date says enough. The budget was only $58.8 million to then the box office hitting an impressive $547.4 million. His idea of touching a sensitive and controversial, slightly offensive topic for a film has earned it's attention and money.

     Media Audiences 
    • To whom is the text addressed? What is the target audience? (Demographics, Psychographics)
    Perhaps to Americans as "American" Sniper is about Chris Kyle, and it would hopefully make citizens of America more appreciative of a hero that fought for his country. As a result, this would be targeted towards a more mature audience that would understand the film more on a deeper and political level. Although however, the age rating by the BBFC is 15.


    • What assumptions about the audience’s characteristics are implicit within the text?
    • Perhaps some audience who are American and take pride in their country feel more obligated to appreciate Chris Kyle. The plot of American Sniper is very linear, realism, hence biography of a normal person just like the viewers, and by this they can relate more.
      • In what conditions is the audience likely to receive the text? Does this impact upon the formal characteristics of the text?
      Clint Eastwood is known for making movies that manifests realism, real events sometimes to tell a story. He is known for predominantly drama films and perhaps this genre in respect is targeted towards a more mature audience, hence appropriately meeting the formal characteristics of American Sniper too.
      • What do you know or can you assume about the likely size and constituency of the audience?
      Clint Eastwood has movies produced since 1971, so perhaps a very few selected people who are long-time watchers are still in the picture, however I wouldn't say there is constituency as a result. The size of the audience of American Sniper were very huge, reaching a box office hit of $547.4, and also other media such as documentaries about Chris Kyle.
      • What are the probable and possible audience readings of the text? 
      ...Americans are terrorists to Islam; Islam are terrorists to America.
      Retaliation of Islam as a result of being repressed.
      Islam extremists who are extremely devoted to their religion to the point their behaviour and actions become extremely obnoxious. 
      Appreciation of how one man in the entire US Navy makes a difference to his serving his country.

      • What are the audience pleasures, uses or gratifications?  (Refer to theory)
      The audience can identify themselves as a nation, having more appreciation towards a hero in America known as Chris Kyle. As a result of viewing the movie however, perhaps citizens of America can also see the other unseen side of the war between Islam extremists and America, and have a voice rather than the media talking for them.
      • How do you, as an audience member, read and evaluate the text? To what extent is your reading and evaluation influenced by your age, gender, background etc
      I read American Sniper as the Islam radicals/extremists to be a perfect demonstration of conservatism by Clint Eastwood, where the group favours tradition and religion, showing critical for proposals towards social and radical change to the point brute force is used. However, the American's retaliation also gets caught up in their own web, where it's almost as if they're the terrorists invading places such as Iraq in this case and vice versa. However, as an American institution the film does not show such content and almost always favours and is bias, never from a neutral standpoint. This itself has caused controversy for the film, critics calling it a "propaganda".